Coronavirus Briefing: What Happened Today

• In the past seven days, seven countries — Argentina, Brazil, Britain, France, India, Russia and the U.S. — have each reported at least 100,000 new cases of the coronavirus, helping to push total cases worldwide to more than 40.7 million.

• Boston suspended in-person learning in public schools, citing the city’s rising tide of cases.

• Gov. Philip Murphy of New Jersey went into quarantine after a staff member tested positive for the virus.

• Get the latest updates here, as well as maps for U.S. metro areas and vaccines in development.

What will winter bring?

A third surge of coronavirus cases has gripped the U.S. — with outbreaks across nearly the entire country — inviting fears that the approaching winter may make a dangerous situation even worse.

But how can we know what the colder months will bring?

We don’t have a crystal ball, but Alaska is emerging as a possible test case for what winter may be like in the U.S.

During the summer months, when the virus pummeled the South and the West, Alaska kept the virus in check, largely because of a top-notch containment effort. Alaska conducted more tests than almost any other state and marshaled an army of contact tracers to track every person who tested positive. At the time, Alaska was recording some of the fewest cases per capita in the U.S.

In addition to thriving indoors, the coronavirus may be more virulent in colder weather and lower relative humidities. Research has shown that some viruses persist longer in colder and drier conditions and that aerosolized viruses can remain more stable in cooler air. Viruses can replicate more swiftly in such conditions, and human immune systems may respond differently depending on seasons.

In Alaska, winter weather has complicated efforts to send supplies to small villages with outbreaks, and may prevent medevac flights from reaching them. Gov. Mike Dunleavy said that the state was continuing to build out supplemental hospital capacity should it be needed.

“It’s going to be a very tough fall and winter for the entire world,” he said.

How the F.D.A. pushed back against the White House

Many Americans are concerned about the federal government’s ability to properly assess the safety and effectiveness of potential coronavirus vaccines. The Food and Drug Administration, which would approve any vaccine, has repeatedly caved to intense pressure from the White House throughout the pandemic.

And yet, reporting by our colleagues Sheila Kaplan, Sharon LaFraniere, Noah Weiland and Maggie Haberman may offer jittery Americans some solace. They uncovered a few victories for the agency in standing up to pressure campaigns from the president and his advisers.

A telling example: The White House was pushing the head of the F.D.A. to drop guidelines that would require two months of follow-up data from vaccine makers to make sure their vaccines were safe and effective. Instead, the F.D.A. published the guidelines in the appendix of briefing materials for an outside group of vaccine experts, effectively making them official. The materials were then quietly posted online. The White House was given an hour’s notice before the guidelines went up and abruptly approved them later that day.

Noah told us that such action was a positive sign for the independence of the agency.

“The push by career officials at the F.D.A. to publish new vaccine guidelines was arguably the most important sign of how difficult it will be for political pressure to compromise the process,” he said. “The career scientists have clear standards that pharmaceutical companies have embraced, and this episode showed how even the White House’s resistance to those standards did not mean much.”

Resurgences

• The Czech Republic, the country that had the highest coronavirus transmission rates in Europe in mid-October, announced plans to close most shops and further tighten restrictions on movement.

• Facing a second wave of the virus, some people in New York City are stockpiling supplies — even as Gov. Andrew Cuomo eased some restrictions in certain neighborhoods.

• About seven million people in the north of England will soon be living under the country’s toughest virus restrictions in Britain’s new tiered response system.

Here’s a roundup of restrictions in all 50 states.

What else we’re following

• More than 240 people who stayed at quarantine hotels in Australia are being contacted for testing for blood-borne viruses including H.I.V., after it was found that single-use blood testing devices were used on multiple people.

• Scientists are raising doubts about Britain’s plan to deliberately infect volunteers with the virus to test vaccines.

• A popular Covid-19 treatment, tocilizumab, which is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, failed in clinical trials.

• Despite President Trump’s promises that Americans would soon be getting an antibody treatment that he had promoted as a “cure,” there’s little chance that such therapies will soon be widely available.

• A California court ordered San Quentin State Prison to reduce the number of inmates it holds by half, after the coronavirus infected more than 2,200 inmates and killed 28.

• A new study published in Nature Medicine looked at the potential acceptance of a Covid-19 vaccine in 19 countries. Respondents in China gave the highest proportion of positive responses (90 percent), while Russians gave the lowest (55 percent.) Over all, 71.5 percent of respondents said they would be very or somewhat likely to take a vaccine.

• No, mouthwash will not save you from the coronavirus, despite that new study that’s trending on social media.

What you’re doing

I’m trying to do good deeds. I’m cooking and making food drops, especially to those living alone, as I know how difficult it is to cook for one. Also attempting to call folks in assisted living places, where many must stay in their rooms. Personally, catching up on my reading and allowing myself one Netflix episode a night. I am in desperate need of a schedule and more exercise.

— Judith Frank, Buffalo, N.Y.

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